http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer A PEER adattár elektronikus anyagokatt gyűjt, tárol, indexel, őríz, és oszt meg. Wed, 16 May 2012 23:43:52 GMT 2012-05-16T23:43:52Z http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19928 Cím: An optimized hair trap for non-invasive genetic studies of small cryptic mammals Kivonat: Abstract As sample quality and quantity is a crucial factor in non-invasive genetics, we focused on the improvement of sampling efficiency of glue hair traps. We invented an optimized hair trap with moveable parts which enhanced sampling of high-quality genetic material. With the aid of the optimized hair trap, we were able to remotely pluck a sufficient amount of hair bulbs from our study animal the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) with a trapping success of 49.3% after one survey night. The number of collected hairs with bulbs ranged between 1 and 50, with an average of 20.7 ± 14.8. Subsequently, the use of the hair trap in combination with a simplified laboratory routine allowed us to amplify species-specific microsatellites with an amplification success of 96.2% and ADO of 4.6%. This optimized trap may find usage for species identification or could be used as an instrument for long-term genetic monitoring of mammal populations. Sat, 14 May 2011 22:00:00 GMT http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19928 2011-05-14T22:00:00Z http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19927 Cím: Optimal bird migration revisited Kivonat: Abstract Using optimality perspectives is now regarded as an essential way of analysing and understanding adaptations and behavioural strategies in bird migration. Optimization analyses in bird migration research have diversified greatly during the two recent decades with respect to methods used as well as to topics addressed. Methods range from simple analytical and geometric models to more complex modeling by stochastic dynamic programming, annual routine models and multiobjective optimization. Also, game theory and simulation by selection algorithms have been used. A wide range of aspects of bird migration have been analyzed including flight, fuel deposition, predation risk, stopover site use, transition to breeding, routes and detours, daily timing, fly-and-forage migration, wind selectivity and wind drift, phenotypic flexibility, arrival time and annual molt and migration schedules. Optimization analyses have proven to be particularly important for defining problems and specifying questions and predictions about the consequences of minimization of energy, time and predation risk in bird migration. Optimization analyses will probably also be important in the future, when predictions about bird migration strategies can be tested by much new data obtained by modern tracking techniques and when the importance of new trade-offs, associated with, e.g., digestive physiology, metabolism, immunocompetence and disease, need to be assessed in bird migration research.; Zusammenfassung In der Vogelzugsforschung erwiesen sich Optimierungsperspektiven für die Analyse und das Verständnis von Adaptionen und Verhaltensstrategien als äusserst essentiell. Hierbei haben sich Optimierungsanalysen in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten in der Vogelzugsforschung sowohl methodisch als auch thematisch stark diversifiziert. Dabei reichen die Methoden von einfachen, analytischen und geometrischen bis zu mehr komplexen Modellen mit stochastisch-dynamischer Programmierung, Jahresroutinemodellen und multiobjektiver Optimierung. Auch Spieltheorie und Simulierungen mit selektiven Algorithmen wurden angewandt. Analysiert wurde ein weites Spektrum von Vogelzugaspekten, darunter Vogelflug, Fettablagerung, Prädationsdruck, Rastverhalten, Übergang zum Brüten, Zugwege und Umwege, Flug- und Rastwanderungen, Tagesrhythmen, Windselektivität und Winddrift, phenotypische Plastizität, Ankunftszeit und jährliche Zug- und Mauser. Optimierungsanalysen haben sich für die Definition von Problemen und für das Spezifizieren von Fragestellungen und Voraussagen bezüglich Konsequenzen der Minimierung von Energie, Zeit und Prädationsrisiko als speziell wichtig erwiesen. Für die Zukunft werden Optimierungsanalysen wahrscheinlich an Bedeutung gewinnen, wenn es darum geht, Voraussagen über Vogelzugstrategien mit neuen Daten und moderner Technik zu testen und wenn abgeschätzt werden muss, wie wichtig neue Kompromisse in Verbindung mit zum Beispiel Verdauungsphysiologie, Metabolismus, Immunabwehr und Krankheiten sind. Sat, 14 May 2011 22:00:00 GMT http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19927 2011-05-14T22:00:00Z http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19926 Cím: Interacting With Women Can Impair Men’s Cognitive Functioning Kivonat: Abstract The present research tested the prediction that mixed-sex interactions may temporarily impair cognitive functioning. Two studies, in which participants interacted either with a same-sex or opposite-sex other, demonstrated that men’s (but not women’s) cognitive performance declined following a mixed-sex encounter. In line with our theoretical reasoning, this effect occurred more strongly to the extent that the opposite-sex other was perceived as more attractive (Study 1), and to the extent that participants reported higher levels of impression management motivation (Study 2). Implications for the general role of interpersonal processes in cognitive functioning, and some practical implications, are discussed. Thu, 14 May 2009 22:00:00 GMT http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19926 2009-05-14T22:00:00Z http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19925 Cím: Substance use by adolescents in special education and residential youth care institutions Kivonat: Abstract This study examined substance use rates and related background factors among adolescents in special education (SE) and in residential youth care institutions (RYC). Information on substance use from 531 adolescents in RYC, 603 adolescents in SE for students with behavioral problems (SEB) and 1,905 adolescents in SE for students with learning disabilities (SEL) was compared with information from 7,041 adolescents who attended mainstream education. Results show that substance use rates are particularly high among adolescents in RYC and in SEB. For example, 22% of the 12–13 years old in RYC and 16% in SEB was a daily smoker compared with 1% of their counterparts in mainstream education. Background factors, including age, ethnic background and family situation, partly explained the differences in substance use between mainstream education on the one hand and SE and RYC on the other hand, but differences between the groups remained substantial and significant. Several interaction effects were found in the relation between SE/RYC and substance use that were all in line with the risk paradox: some subgroups that are normally at lower risk for problem behavior are at higher risk when they are subjected to high-risk indicators. The elevated risk of substance use among adolescents in RYC/SE was in some cases particularly marked for those who would normally be at lower risk for substance use (girls in SEB for heavy alcohol drinking and cannabis use, ethnic minority adolescents and adolescents with a stable family situation in RYC for respectively heavy weekly alcohol drinking and daily use of tobacco). Results of this study have important implications for health education and intervention programs for adolescents in RYC and SE. Fri, 13 May 2011 22:00:00 GMT http://ganymedes.lib.unideb.hu:8080/udpeer/handle/2437.2/19925 2011-05-13T22:00:00Z